Brief Description of the Artistic Style of Ming and Qing Dynasties
The characteristic of the Ming Dynasty society is that the state is always in internal chaos, internal and external troubles. However, inherited the rapid development of commercial trade in the Song Dynasty, especially since the Southern Song Dynasty, the business of the Ming Dynasty was very developed, and the people became rich. The development and changes of the jade articles of the Ming Dynasty are also related to the changes of the society. On the whole, the jade articles of the Ming Dynasty gradually divorced from the artistic traditions of the five generations and the two Songs, and they formed the artistic style of pursuing the fine decorative beauty. The royal jade of the Ming Dynasty was dominated by the imperial supervisory system, while the folk view jade and jade-like winds prevailed. There were jade in the big cities with developed economy and culture. The most famous jade center is Suzhou. At the same time, the antique business community has also produced a large number of antique pseudo-ancient jade articles in order to adapt to the collection and enjoy the social atmosphere of ancient jade articles. We can still see a lot of "ancient jade" imitation of this period, even the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was once deceived by the Ming Dynasty antique jade.
The development of jade crafts in the Ming Dynasty experienced three periods of early, middle and late.
Early Ming: The jade unearthed and handed down in the early Ming Dynasty have masterpieces. The style is inherited from the Yuan Dynasty, and the work is rigorous and exquisite. In 1970, the Ming Dynasty Wang Xingzu Tomb (1371) in Nanjing unearthed 14 pieces of jade belt ornaments, which were smashed and swayed in the clouds. The mills were exquisitely carved and brilliant. However, the image and layout of Yunlong are close to the Yuan Dynasty, and the number of jade strips is not in line with the Ming system. From the spring of 1970 to the beginning of 1971, the Jade Tomb (1389) in Zou County, Shandong Province unearthed jade articles such as enamel ornaments, jade belts, jade, jade, jade, jade pens, jade cups, etc., showing the status of the ancestors of the Ming dynasty and the jade used for funeral. The jade material used in this type of jade has a strong luster, the mill is sturdy, the miller is fine, and the details are not heavy, which clearly preserves the legacy of the Yuan Dynasty jade. Strictly speaking, the jade articles of the early Ming Dynasty do not have their own style. Many exquisite jade articles unearthed such as the above-mentioned jade belt plates should be included in the category of the jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty, or they are originally jade articles left over from the Yuan Dynasty.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty: the jade in the middle of the Ming Dynasty tends to be simple, inheriting the prosperity of the literati culture at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and there are jade wares with literati colors, such as the jade and pine stalks. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the processing and distribution of jade articles were concentrated in the southeastern regions such as Nanjing, Shanghai, and Jiangxi. Shanghai Lushen Tomb unearthed white jade iron turn Li, white jade butterfly, jade chicken heart, white jade with hook, hollow Shou word jade, jade ring, Yudao crown, jade, etc., jade pieces are small and exquisite, representing the landlords, wealthy businessmen and other people with jade Variety and work. The jade articles of this period began to show the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty society, and the production and processing of jade articles can truly represent the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty society.
Late Ming Dynasty: The social development in the southeastern part of the late Ming Dynasty, the urban economy was prosperous, and the people were rich, so the output of jade articles increased. At that time, the Suzhou jade industry represented the development trend of the national jade craftsmanship. The famous jade worker Lu Zigang came from Suzhou. The representative jade articles of this period are the jade belt hooks, jade bowls, jade pots, jade pots, jade jugs, jade, jade, jade belts, etc. unearthed from the Ming Tombs of the Ming Tombs, including the jade articles used by the deceased and the jade used for funeral after death. . Among them, jade pot and jade jubilee use gold or jewellery inlays, which are more colorful. At that time, ancient jade has become an antique (or antique), a special commodity with high prices. In order to obtain high profits, merchants have made a large number of fake antiques with cheap jade, jade and other cheap jade materials. The number of jade articles has surged, the art has become rough and rough, and there are fewer Seiko workers. Due to the economic prosperity of the cities in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the handicraft industry was developed, and overseas trade was frequent. The whole arts and crafts were dominated by commodity production and export, so there was a bad tendency to pursue quantity and neglect art. Along with this, the jade craft has also appeared in the trend of commercialization. The jade tires are heavy and heavy, the shape is dull, the workmanship is sloppy, and the decoration is cumbersome. There are a large number of jade pots and jade cups that have been passed down to this day. In terms of patterns, and the social atmosphere of the late Ming Dynasty, Fu Rui's auspicious homophonic theme is very popular. This kind of "picture must be intentional, meaning must be auspicious" pattern, first of all to pray for blessing, and secondly to consider the beauty. The jade jade in the late famous Luzigang reflects the staggered development of jade, antique jade and literati in this period. The composition and influence of the urban people and literati in the jade culture are increasing. This is the result of the prosperity of the urban commodity economy and the commercialization of jade production, and it is also a new change in the jade culture of our country.
Overview of the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty
After the entry of the Qing Dynasty, the Emperor Kangxi of Shunzhi made great efforts to clear up the rebellion and develop production. Emperor Yongzheng rectified the rule of law and prospered the economy, and there was a "Kanggan flourishing world." During Kangxi, Wu Sangui chased the Nanming Yongli emperor into the toe and opened the route of the Burmese jade into the Central Plains. During the Qianlong period, he used soldiers in the Western Regions, and opened up the passage of Hetianyu's internal transportation, which enabled Hetian jade to be transported into the mainland in a large amount, which promoted the rapid development of jade crafts. It appeared the most prosperous era in the history of ancient Chinese jade, and also the third in China's jade culture. peak.
In general, the jade used in the court of the Qing Dynasty was directly controlled and influenced by the art of painting in the court of the Qing Dynasty. Its workmanship was rigorous and meticulous. Some of them are meticulously crafted, such as carved paintings, and some are used in polishing to show the beauty of the warm and crystal-clear jade. In the Qing Dynasty, heavy white jade, especially the sheep white jade, the topaz was rare, and it was also loved. The folk use of jade is the most and most refined in the two rivers. The most prestigious jade-grown center in the Qing Dynasty was Suzhou's exclusive alleys, Suzhou jade exquisite and charming, and the inner court jade craftsmen also came from this place. Yangzhou jade is developing very fast, and it has a tendency to come up later. Its jade is unrestrained and strong, and it is especially good at crushing a few jade articles of several thousand pounds or even tens of thousands of pounds. The "Dayu Water Control Map of Yushan" is its masterpiece. In the Qing Dynasty, jade workers were good at drawing on the achievements of painting, sculpture and arts and crafts. They gathered various traditional workmanships such as Yinxian, Yangxian, Pinggong, Hidden, Hollow, and Pretty, and the artistic style of the past, and absorbed the influence of foreign art. It has been transformed and created to develop and develop a jade craft with strong craftsmanship and decoration. It has distinct characteristics of the times and high artistic attainments.
In addition, the jade works in different periods of the Qing Dynasty are also different: the Shunzhi and Kangxi years of war are frequent, the people are not happy, the jade industry is also in a state of depression, and the output is very small, but the palace jade is still lacking in quality. The economic recovery of the Yongzheng dynasty, the handicraft industry developed greatly, and the jade work also re-emerged. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, it was the prosperous period of Qingyu. At this time, the palace jade was filled with various temples, and the major cities were very prosperous. The folk view of jade and jade is prosperous, and the use of jade is more extensive. The furnishings, utensils, accessories, rituals, idols, wenwan, utensils, inlays, etc. are all complete. At the time of Qianlong's time, the Stan Jade was an Arab-style Mughal jade. It was heavily in the inner court during the middle and late period of Qianlong and was loved by Qianlong. Its style spread to Beijing, Suzhou, Yangzhou and other jade. The Xinjiang Uygur jade has distinct local characteristics. It is different from the court jade and the traces of the Stan jade. Although it is of Arabic style, the shape and ornamentation are relatively simple, the photonics are more, not heavy, and slightly rough. . The war between the two sides of the road was again, the internal and external troubles, the national economy was severely frustrated, the Xinjiang Yugong was completely stopped, the palace jade was gradually declining, and sometimes even stopped. The jade of the local big cities has gradually declined due to insufficient raw materials and economic recession. In particular, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising and the two Opium Wars before and after, the war was spread across the two rivers, and the Soviet Union and Yang were benefited from the center of the war. The scourge can be imagined. Since then, the Yu Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty has never cheered up again.
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